What Is Diabetes? Types, Causes, and How to Manage It

Diabetes is one of the most common chronic conditions worldwide, but even though many people have heard of it, it’s not always well understood. At Totum Nutrition, we believe education is the first step toward positive change. That’s why we want to explain, in a clear and simple way, what diabetes is, the different types, and how it can be managed with the right medical and nutritional support.

What is diabetes?

Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects how the body turns food into energy. When we eat, our body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose (sugar), which enters the bloodstream. The pancreas produces a hormone called insulin, which allows glucose to enter the cells to be used as energy.

In people with diabetes, this process doesn’t work properly—either the body doesn’t make enough insulin, or it can’t use it efficiently. As a result, blood sugar levels rise, which can lead to serious complications if left unmanaged.

Types of diabetes

1. Type 1 Diabetes

This type occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. It is an autoimmune condition and is usually diagnosed in children or young adults, although it can develop at any age.

• Requires lifelong insulin treatment

• Not related to lifestyle or diet

• Common symptoms: excessive thirst, weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, frequent urination

  
  

2. Type 2 Diabetes

This is the most common type of diabetes. In this case, the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t produce enough of it.

• Associated with risk factors like excess weight, sedentary lifestyle, genetics, and age

• Can be prevented or delayed through lifestyle changes

• May be managed with diet, exercise, oral medications, or insulin depending on the case

3. Gestational Diabetes

This occurs during pregnancy when placental hormones block the action of insulin, causing high blood sugar levels.

• Usually goes away after delivery but increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later

• Requires close monitoring to protect both mother and baby’s health

Are there other types of diabetes?

• Prediabetes: A condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes. It’s a critical window to make lifestyle changes and prevent progression.

• Other rare types: Such as monogenic diabetes, or diabetes caused by pancreatic diseases or certain medications.

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

Symptoms can be subtle or mistaken for other issues. Common signs include:

• Increased thirst and hunger

• Persistent fatigue

• Blurred vision

• Unexplained weight loss

• Slow-healing wounds

• Tingling or numbness in hands and feet

• Frequent infections

How is diabetes diagnosed?

Diabetes is diagnosed through blood tests that measure glucose levels, such as:

• Fasting blood sugar test

• Oral glucose tolerance test

• Hemoglobin A1c

Regular check-ups are especially important for people with a family history or risk factors.

How is diabetes treated?

Treatment depends on the type of diabetes and individual needs. It usually includes:

• Personalized nutrition plan

• Regular physical activity

• Blood sugar monitoring

• Medications or insulin (as needed)

• Ongoing education and emotional support

At Totum Nutrition, we offer specialized Medical Nutrition Therapy to help you manage diabetes holistically. Our approach is based on education, support, and a plan tailored to your goals, preferences, and lifestyle.

Why is nutrition support important?

Food is one of the most powerful tools to control diabetes. The right nutrition plan can:

• Keep blood sugar levels stable

• Prevent long-term complications

• Support a healthy weight

• Improve energy and overall well-being

Do you have diabetes or are you at risk?

You’re not alone. At Totum Nutrition, we walk with you every step of the way. Our team of registered dietitians is ready to help you understand your diagnosis, build healthy habits, and feel confident managing your health.